Voters choosing Mexico’s next president are deciding between a former academic who promises to further the current leader’s populist policies and an ex-senator and tech entrepreneur who pledges to up the fight against deadly drug cartels.
In an election likely to give Mexico its first woman president, nearly 100 million people are registered to vote in the race to replace outgoing President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador.
Voters will also elect governors in nine of the country’s 32 states, and choose candidates for both houses of Congress, thousands of mayorships and other local posts.
The elections are widely seen as a referendum on Mr Lopez Obrador, a populist who has expanded social programmes but largely failed to reduce cartel violence in Mexico.
His Morena party currently holds 23 of the 32 governorships and a simple majority of seats in both houses of Congress. Mexico’s constitution prohibits the president’s re-election.
Morena hopes to gain the two-thirds majority in Congress required to amend the constitution to eliminate oversight agencies that it says are unwieldy and wasteful. The opposition, running in a loose coalition, argues that would endanger Mexico’s democratic institutions.
Both major presidential candidates are women, and either would be Mexico’s first female president. A third candidate from a smaller party, Jorge Alvarez Msynez, trails far behind.
Mexico City Mayor Claudia Sheinbaum is running for the Morena party. Ms Sheinbaum, who is leading the race, has promised to continue all of Mr Lopez Obrador’s policies, including a universal pension for the elderly and a programme that pays youths to undertake apprenticeships.
Opposition presidential candidate Xochitl Galvez, whose father was Indigenous Otomi, rose from selling snacks on the street in her poor hometown to start her own tech firms.
A candidate running with a coalition of major opposition parties, she left the Senate last year to focus on her anger at Mr Lopez Obrador’s decision to avoid confronting the drug cartels through his “hugs not bullets” policy. She has pledged to more aggressively go after criminals.
The persistent cartel violence, along with Mexico’s middling economic performance, are the main issues on voters’ minds.
The Mexican peso has strengthened against the US dollar in recent years, mainly because of high domestic interest rates and a huge surge in money sent home by migrants. But gross domestic product has averaged only about 1% growth per year under the current president.
Mr Lopez Obrador claims to have reduced historically high homicide levels by 20% since he took office in December 2018. But that is a claim largely based on a questionable reading of statistics; the real homicide rate appears to have declined by only about 4% in six years.
About 675,000 Mexicans living abroad are registered to vote, but in the past only a small percentage have done so.
Voting is not mandatory in Mexico, and overall turnout has hovered around 60% in recent elections. That compares to turnout in recent US presidential elections. An exception was in 2020, when the clash between then-president Donald Trump and future President Joe Biden pushed US voter turnout to 67%, its highest in decades.
Just as the forthcoming November rematch between Mr Biden and Mr Trump has underlined deep divisions in the US, Sunday’s election in Mexico has revealed how severely polarised public opinion is over the direction of the country, including its security strategy and how to grow the economy.
Beyond the fight for control of Congress, the race for Mexico City – whose top post is now considered equivalent to a governorship – is also important. Ms Sheinbaum is just the latest of many Mexico City mayors, including Mr Lopez Obrador, who went on to run for president.
Governorships in large, populous states such as Veracruz and Jalisco are also drawing interest.
Polls open at 8am and close at 6pm in most of the country. The first preliminary, partial results are expected by 9pm, after the last polls in different time zones close.
