For three decades, European leaders have come and gone by the dozen, but Alexander Lukashenko remains in absolute control of Belarus.
His longevity is thanks to a mixture of silencing dissent, reverting to Soviet-style economic controls and methods, and cozying up to Russia, even as he sometimes flirted with the West.
Mr Lukashenko, 69, was dubbed “Europe’s last dictator” early in his tenure.
On Saturday, he marks 30 years in power — one of the world’s longest-serving and most ruthless leaders.
As head of the country sandwiched between Russia, Ukraine and Nato members Poland, Lithuania and Latvia, Mr Lukashenko was elected to his sixth term in office in 2020, in balloting widely seen at home and abroad as rigged.
Months of mass protests that followed were harshly suppressed in a violent crackdown that sent tens of thousands to jail amid allegations of beatings and torture. Many political opponents remain imprisoned or have fled the nation of 9.5 million.
But the strongman shrugged off Western sanctions and isolation that followed, and now he says he will run for a seventh five-year term next year.
Mr Lukashenko owes his political longevity to a mixture of guile and staunch political and economic support from his main ally, Russia.
Most recently, in 2022 he allowed Moscow to use Belarusian territory to invade Ukraine and later agreed to host some of Russia’s tactical nuclear weapons.
“Lukashenko has turned Belarus into a fragment of the USSR, dangerous not only for its own citizens but also threatening its Western neighbors with nuclear weapons,” said independent political analyst Valery Karbalevich.
He describes the Belarusian leader as “one of the most experienced post-Soviet politicians, who has learned to play on both on the Kremlin’s mood and the fears of his own people”.
When the former state farm director was first elected in July 1994 just two-and-a-half years after Belarus gained independence following the USSR’s collapse, he pledged to fight corruption and boost living standards that had plunged amid chaotic free-market reforms.
An admirer of the Soviet Union, Mr Lukashenko pushed soon after his election for a referendum that abandoned the country’s new red and white national flag in favour of one similar to what Belarus had used as a Soviet republic.
He also quickly bolstered ties with Russia and pushed for forming a new union state in the apparent hope of becoming its head after a full merger — an ambition dashed by the 2000 election of Vladimir Putin to succeed the ailing Boris Yeltsin as Russian president.
Under Mr Lukashenko, Belarus’s top security agency retained its fearsome Soviet-era name of the KGB. It also has been the only country in Europe to keep capital punishment, with executions carried out with a shot to the back of the head.
In 1999 and 2000, four prominent Mr Lukashenko critics disappeared, and an investigation by the Council of Europe concluded they were kidnapped and killed by death squads linked to senior Belarusian officials. Belarusian authorities stonewalled European demands to track down and prosecute the suspected culprits.
“Lukashenko never bothered with his reputation,” said Anatoly Lebedko, leader of the now-outlawed United Civil Party of Belarus. “He relished in calling himself a dictator and bragged about being a pariah even when he was publicly accused of political killings and other crimes.”
Mr Lukashenko initiated constitutional changes that put parliament under his control, removed term limits and extended his power in elections that the West did not recognise as free or fair. Protests following the votes were quickly broken up by police and organizers were jailed.
His Soviet-style centralised economy depended heavily on Russian subsidies.
“Instead of helping Belarus, cheap Russian oil and gas have become its curse, allowing Lukashenko to receive windfall profits from exporting oil products to Europe and freeze the situation in Belarus,” said Alexander Milinkevich, who challenged him in a 2006 election.
“Opposition calls for reforms and movement toward the European Union literally drowned in the flood of Russian money.”
But even while relying on Moscow, Mr Lukashenko repeatedly clashed with the Kremlin, accusing it of trying to strong-arm Belarus into surrendering control of its most prized economic assets and eventually abandoning its independence.
While manoeuvring for more subsidies from Russia, he often tried to appease the West by occasionally easing repressions. Before the 2020 election, the US and EU lifted some sanctions as Belarus freed political prisoners.
The balancing act ended after the vote that sparked the largest protests ever seen in Belarus. In the subsequent crackdown, over 35,000 people were arrested, thousands were beaten in police custody, and hundreds of independent media outlets and nongovernmental organizations were closed and outlawed.
While Vladimir Putin had been annoyed by Lukashenko’s past manoeuvres, he saw the protests as a major threat to Moscow’s influence over its ally and moved quickly to shore up the Belarusian leader who came under Western sanctions.
Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, who challenged Mr Lukashenko in that election and then fled the country to lead the opposition from exile, said the vote marked a watershed as it became clear that he had “lost support of the majority of the Belarusians”.
“Lukashenko has survived primarily thanks to Russia, which offered him information, financial and even military support at the peak of the protests,” she told The Associated Press. “The Kremlin’s intervention prevented a split in the Belarusian elites. Now Lukashenko is paying back that support with the country’s sovereignty.”
Belarus’ leading human rights group Viasna counts about 1,400 political prisoners in the country.
The Belarusian leader once praised Adolf Hitler for “raising Germany from ruins”.
Mr Lukashenko shrugged off the Covid-19 pandemic as “psychosis” and advised people to “kill the virus with vodka”, go to saunas and work in the fields because “tractors will cure everybody!”
He kept his youngest son, 19-year-old Nikolai, at his side at official events, fuelling speculation that he could be nurturing him as a successor.
Mr Lukashenko maintained a tough-guy image by playing hockey, skiing and doing other sports. After contracting Covid-19, he said he recovered quickly, thanks to physical activity.
But he has become visibly less energetic in recent years amid rumours of health problems that he denied with his usual bravado.
“I’m not going to die,” he said last year. “You will have to tolerate me for quite a long time to go.”
